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曾紀(jì)洲主任醫(yī)師 北京潞河醫(yī)院 骨關(guān)節(jié)外科 埃勒斯-當(dāng)洛斯Ehlers-Danlos綜合征的綜述(2020)AreviewofEhlers-Danlossyndrome?MillerE,GroselJM.AreviewofEhlers-Danlossyndrome[J].JAAPA,2020,33(4):23-28.轉(zhuǎn)載文章的原鏈接1:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32175940/轉(zhuǎn)載文章的原鏈接2:https://journals.lww.com/jaapa/fulltext/2020/04000/a_review_of_ehlers_danlos_syndrome.3.aspx?AbstractEhlers-Danlossyndrome(EDS)describesagroupofheritabledisordersofconnectivetissuecomprisingmutationsinthegenesinvolvedinthestructureand/orbiosynthesisofcollagen.ThirteenEDSsubtypesarerecognized,withawidedegreeofsymptomoverlapamongsubtypesandwithotherconnectivetissuedisorders.TheclinicalhallmarksofEDSaretissuefragility,jointhypermobility,andskinhyperextensibility.AppropriatediagnosisofEDSisimportantforcorrectmultidisciplinarymanagementandisassociatedwithbetterclinicaloutcomesforpatients.Ehlers-Danlos綜合征(EDS)描述了一組遺傳性結(jié)締組織疾病,包括參與膠原結(jié)構(gòu)和/或生物合成的基因突變。現(xiàn)已確認(rèn)的EDS亞型有13種,各亞型之間以及與其他結(jié)締組織疾病的癥狀有很大程度的重疊。EDS的臨床特征是組織脆弱,關(guān)節(jié)過度活動(dòng)和皮膚過度伸展。EDS的正確診斷對(duì)于正確的多學(xué)科治療非常重要,并且與患者更好的臨床結(jié)果相關(guān)。?Keywords:Ehlers-Danlossyndrome,connectivetissuedisease,jointhypermobility關(guān)節(jié)過度活動(dòng),tissuefragility,skinhyperextensibility皮膚伸展過度,heritabledisease?LearningobjectivesDescribetheclinicalpresentationofEDS.UnderstandthepotentialcomplicationsandappropriatemanagementofEDS.描述EDS的臨床表現(xiàn)。了解EDS的潛在并發(fā)癥和適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚矸椒ā?KeypointsEDSdescribesagroupofheritabledisordersofconnectivetissue.ThirteenEDSsubtypesarerecognized,withawidedegreeofsymptomoverlapamongsubtypesandwithotherconnectivetissuedisorders.TheclinicalhallmarksofEDSaretissuefragility,jointhypermobility,andskinhyperextensibility.PatientswithEDSaremanagedsymptomaticallybecausetheconditionhasnoknowncure.EDS描述了一組遺傳性結(jié)締組織疾病?,F(xiàn)已確認(rèn)的EDS亞型有13種,各亞型之間以及與其他結(jié)締組織疾病的癥狀有很大程度的重疊。EDS的臨床特征是組織脆弱,關(guān)節(jié)過度活動(dòng)和皮膚過度伸展。EDS患者需要對(duì)癥治療,因?yàn)檫@種疾病沒有已知的治愈方法。?CASEFigure?A12-year-oldgirlpresentedtoherprimarycareprovidertodiscussseveralcomplaints,includingworseningjointpainthathadstartedwhenshewasage5years.Sheparticipatedinnumerousathleticactivitiesthroughoutherchildhood,buthadbeguntolimitherphysicalactivityasherjointpainmadeitincreasinglydifficult.?HistoryAtbirth,thepatientwasfoundtohaveacongenitaldislocationofherrighthip,whichwastreatedconservatively,andaright-sidedpneumothoraxthatimprovedwithoutintervention.Whenthepatientwasage11months,hermothernotedanunusualheadpostureandtookhertoapediatrician.Radiographsofherspinerevealeda24-degreerightthoracolumbarcurvature,ordextroscoliosis.Duetotheseradiographicfindings,thepatientwasreferredtoapediatricorthopedicclinic,whereMRIrevealedaC4hemivertebraandradiographsshowedasignificantsubluxationofC3onC4withflexion.Toprotectthespinalcord,thepatientunderwentananteriorandposteriorfusionofC3throughC5atage18monthsandwasplacedinahaloandcastvestfor6weeks.Atage5years,thepatientbeganhavingbilateralchronickneejointpain.Physicalexaminationatthattimerevealedexcessivepatellarmovementatbothkneejoints,andthepatientwasdiagnosedwithpatellartrackingsyndrome髕骨軌跡綜合征.Whenshewasage7years,flexionandextensionradiographsofthepatient'scervicalspineshowedanterolisthesisofC2onC3withneckflexion(Figure1).Shealsowasfoundtohavearight-sidedinguinalherniaandunderwentsurgicalrepair.??FIGURE1.:Flexion(A)andextension(B)radiographsofthecasepatientdemonstratinganterolisthesisoftheC2vertebraeonC3onflexionview,whichresolvesonextensionview.Alsonotepostoperativechangesofthepatient'sC3-C5vertebraefromherspinalfusionsurgery.??Thepatient'skneejointpaincontinuedtoprogressuntilshewasage9years,alsospreadingtothehipandshoulderjoints.Whenshebeganseeinganorthodontistatage11years,herorthodontistnotedanabnormallyhighpalate.Atapediatricianvisitshortlyafterthepatientturnedage12years,areviewofsystemswaspositiveforchronicfatigue,easybruising,anddelayedwoundhealing.Physicalexaminationrevealedjointhypermobilityandacardiacmurmur.Herpediatricianalsonotedthehyperextensibilityandvelvetytextureofherskin.Atthisappointment,thepatientdemonstratedher“partytrick,”inwhichshewasabletoexternallyrotateherarm360degreeswhilekeepinghershoulderinaneutralposition(seevideoonwww.jaapa.com).Anechocardiogramrevealedaorticvalveinsufficiencyandmildaorticrootdilation.Overtheyears,thepatientandhermotherhadbeentoldbyseveralhealthcareprovidersthathermultiplemedicalproblemswereunrelated.However,withthenewdiagnosticfindingsandathoroughreviewofthepatient'sfullmedicalhistory,clinicianshadahighdegreeofsuspicionforEhlers-Danlossyndrome(EDS);therefore,shewasreferredtoapediatricgeneticist.ShewaslaterdiagnosedwithEDStypeII,nowknownasclassicalEDS(cEDS).GenotypingshowedaheterozygousmutationoftheCOL52Agene,confirmingthediagnosis.Intheyearsfollowingherdiagnosis,thepatientcontinuedtoreceivemedicalmonitoringanddevelopedmanymedicalconditionsknowntoberelatedtoEDS,includingmigraines,posturalorthostatictachycardiasyndrome,agradeVpatentforamenovale,anddeltagranulestoragepooldeficiency.Inaddition,shehadtostopplayingsportsduetodebilitatingjointpainshortlyafterher15thbirthday.?OutcomeAtages16and17years,thepatientunderwentsurgeryonherleftandrightfeet,respectively,forrepairofhammertoesofallfivedigitsbilaterally.ContinuedimagingofhercervicalspinerevealedfurtherinstabilityofherC2onC3vertebrae(Figure2).Totreatandmonitorhervarioussymptoms,thepatientregularlyseesseveralspecialists,includingcardiology,orthopedics,internalmedicine,neurology,andEDSspecialists.Shealsoroutinelyreceivesphysicaltherapy.?FIGURE2.:Radiographsofthecasepatient'srightfootbefore(A)andafter(B)surgeryonallfivedigitsforcorrectionofhammertoes.??UNDERSTANDINGEDSEDSisabroadtermthatdescribesagroupofheritableconnectivetissuedisordersthatareclassifiedtogetherduetosharedphenotypicandgenotypicfeatures.1,2Thephenotypichallmarksaretissuefragility,jointhypermobility,andskinhyperextensibility.1-3Thesesharedfeaturesvaryindegreeinallsubtypes,whichhelpstodifferentiateEDSfromotherjointhypermobilitydisorders.2,4Genetically,EDSresultsfromdefectsingenesinvolvedincollagenbiosynthesisorstructure膠原蛋白的生物合成或結(jié)構(gòu).2Thesyndromeisestimatedtoaffectabout1in5,000peopleworldwide.4,6-8SincethediscoveryofEDS,fivedifferentclassificationsystemshavebeenusedbyclinicians.1,2,4TheVillefrancheNosology,whichwasthemostrecentnosologyuseduntil2017,recognizedsixEDSsubtypesaccordingtomajorandminorclinicalcriteria.1,2SincetheintroductionoftheVillefrancheNosology,researchonEDShasexpandedandnewsubtypeswerediscovered.Therefore,anupdatedclassificationsystemforEDSwasproposed.1TheInternationalConsortiumonEDS,formedin2012,devisedthe2017InternationalClassificationoftheEhlers-DanlosSyndromes,whichdelineated13clinicalsubtypesofEDSaccordingtotheirclinicalmanifestations.1,2Majorclinicalcriteriawereproposedforeachsubtype,whichprovidehighspecificityfordiagnosis.Minorcriteriaweredevelopedwithlessspecificity;theycanbeusedtosupportaclinicaldiagnosisofsuspectedEDS.2Eachsubtypewasgivenanamethatdescribesitscharacteristicphenotypicmanifestations.2EDSoncewasconsideredtobearelativelyrarecondition,butasscientificknowledgeofEDSincreases,cliniciansaroundtheworldhaveagreedthatitisunderdiagnosed.5,6Theabnormalcollagencanaffectvirtuallyeverybodysystem.5ThepresentationandseverityofEDSrangefromundetectableorverymildsymptomstosevereorevenlife-threateningdisease.6ThisheterogeneityinpresentationcanmakediagnosingEDSaclinicalchallenge.7?CLINICALSUBTYPESThe13clinicalsubtypesofEDSaccordingtothe2017InternationalClassificationoftheEhlers-DanlosSyndromesare:根據(jù)2017年《國際埃勒-丹洛斯綜合征分類》,EDS的13種臨床亞型是:ClassicalEDS(cEDS)VascularEDS(vEDS)KyphoscolioticEDS(kEDS)ArthrochalasiaEDS(aEDS)DermatosparaxisEDS(dEDS)Brittlecorneasyndrome(BCS)Classical-likeEDS(clEDS)SpondylodysplasticEDS(spEDS)MusculocontracturalEDS(mcEDS)MyopathicEDS(mEDS)PeriodontalEDS(pEDS)Cardiac-valvularEDS(cvEDS)HypermobileEDS(hEDS).2EachsubtypehasasetofmajorandminorcriteriatoguidecliniciansevaluatingpatientswithsuspectedEDS.2IfapatientmeetsthecriteriaforasubtypeofEDS,furtherworkupisneeded.Thesuspectedclinicaldiagnosisshouldbeconfirmedwiththeappropriatemoleculartesting分子檢測(cè).?GENETICANDPATHOGENETICMECHANISMSInadditiontotheupdatedclinicalclassificationsystem,the2017InternationalClassificationoftheEhlers-DanlosSyndromesalsoproposedageneticclassificationsystem遺傳學(xué)分類系統(tǒng).Thissystemorganizestheclinicalsubtypesintosixgroups,AthroughF,accordingtotheirunderlyingpathogeneticmechanisms.GroupingthesubtypesinthismannerisbeneficialforboththedevelopmentoftreatmentoptionsandforguidingfutureEDSresearch.2GroupA(cEDS,vEDS,aEDS,dEDS,cvEDS):DisordersofcollagenprocessinganddisordersoftheprimarystructureofcollagenGroupB(kEDS):AdisorderofcollagenfoldingorcrosslinkingGroupC(clEDSandmEDS):DisordersofthestructureandfunctionofthemyomatrixGroupD(spEDS[B3GALT6andB4GALT7subtypes]andmcEDS):DisordersofglycosaminoglycanbiosynthesisGroupE(pEDS):AdisorderofthecomplementpathwayGroupF(spEDS[SLC39A13subtype]andBCS):Thesearebelievedtobedisordersofintracellularprocesses;however,thepathogeneticmechanismsofthesesubtypesarenotwellunderstood.BecausethegeneticmechanismofhEDSisunknown,itisnotincludedinthesegroups.2由于hEDS的遺傳機(jī)制尚不清楚,因此未被列入這些類群。?INHERITANCEPATTERNSAllsubtypesofEDSexcepthEDShaveaknowngeneticbasis.EDScanbeinheritedinanautosomaldominantorrecessivemanner,orcanoccurasanovelgeneticmutation.2除hEDS外,所有EDS亞型都有已知的遺傳基礎(chǔ)。EDS可以常染色體顯性遺傳或隱性遺傳,也可以作為一種新的基因突變發(fā)生Forexample,mEDScanbeinheritedbyeitherdominantorrecessivepattern;cEDS,vEDS,hEDS,aEDS,andpEDSallareautosomaldominant.Theremainingsubtypesareinheritedinanautosomalrecessivepattern.2Therefore,familyhistoryandgeneticcounselingareimportantwhenevaluatingapatientwithsuspectedEDS.6Geneticcounselingwillbefurtherdiscussedinthediagnosissection.?PHYSICALEXAMINATIONOFHALLMARKSYMPTOMSTheextensivenumberofwaysinwhichEDSmanifestscancausemanyabnormalphysicalexaminationfindings;therefore,recognizingtheunderlyingpathologycanprovedifficult.5TherecognitionandevaluationofthehallmarksymptomsofEDS(tissuefragility,jointhypermobility,andskinhyperextensibility)areimportantfirststepsinthediagnosisandworkupofthesepatients.2,5?TissuefragilitySymptomsoftissuefragilityarecommonamongpatientswithEDSandcanmanifestinmanyways.Minormanifestationsoftissuefragilitymayincludepoorwoundhealing,dystrophicscars,andeasybruising.3Moresevereandevenlife-threateningmanifestationsoftissuefragilitycancausegastrointestinalbleeding,cerebrovascularorintracranialbleeding,andaneurysmformationandrupture.8組織脆弱的癥狀在EDS患者中很常見,并且可以通過多種方式表現(xiàn)出來。組織脆弱的輕微表現(xiàn)可能包括傷口愈合不良、疤痕營養(yǎng)不良和容易擦傷更嚴(yán)重甚至危及生命的組織脆弱表現(xiàn)可引起胃腸道出血、腦血管或顱內(nèi)出血、動(dòng)脈瘤形成和破裂。?JointhypermobilityThisdescriptivetermisusedtodescribeajointthathasanincreasedrangeofmotioncomparedwithanormaljoint.Generalizedjointhypermobilitymayindicatealargerunderlyingpathology.Inpatientswithgeneralizedjointhypermobility,affectedjointsaretypicallypresentinthefourlimbsandaxialskeleton.WhenconsideringadiagnosisofEDS,cliniciansmustdifferentiatebetweenasinglehypermobilejointandgeneralizedjointhypermobility.2,9Severalmethodscanbeusedtoassessgeneralizedjointhypermobility;themostcommonmethodinvolvescalculatingtheBeightonscore(Table1).9-12這個(gè)描述性術(shù)語用于描述與正常關(guān)節(jié)相比活動(dòng)范圍增加的關(guān)節(jié)。全身性關(guān)節(jié)過度活動(dòng)可能表明更大的潛在病理。在全身性關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)過度的患者中,受影響的關(guān)節(jié)通常存在于四肢和軸骨。當(dāng)考慮EDS的診斷時(shí),臨床醫(yī)生必須區(qū)分單一關(guān)節(jié)過度活動(dòng)和廣泛性關(guān)節(jié)過度活動(dòng)2,9。有幾種方法可用于評(píng)估廣泛性關(guān)節(jié)過度活動(dòng);最常用的方法是計(jì)算貝頓分?jǐn)?shù)(表1)??TABLE1.:TheBeightonscoringsystemforevaluationofgeneralizedjointhypermobility.Foreachsymptompresentthepatientgetsonepoint.Ascoreof5orgreaterisindicativeofgeneralizedjointhypermobility.ReproducedfromSmits-EngelsmanB,KlerksM,KirbyA.Beightonscore:avalidmeasureforgeneralizedhypermobilityinchildren.JPediatr.2011;158(1):119-123,withpermissionofElsevier.??UndertheBeightonscoringsystem,patientsaregivenanumericscoreonascaleof0to9;ascoreof5orgreaterindicatesgeneralizedjointhypermobility.TheupdatedEDSclassificationsystemproposesthatcliniciansusingtheBeightonscoretoassesspatientswithsuspectedhEDSmusttakepatientageintoaccountbecausejointrangeofmotiondecreaseswithage.Therefore,whenevaluatingprepubertalpatientswithsuspectedhEDS,ascoreof6orgreaterisconsideredpositive.Forpatientsofpubertalageuptoage50years,ascoreof5orgreaterisconsideredpositive,andforpatientsolderthanage50years,ascoreof4orgreaterisconsideredpositive.2?SkinhyperextensibilityEvaluateskinextensibilitybypullingthecutaneousandsubcutaneousskinlayersuntilresistanceisfelt.Theskinshouldstretcheasily,anduponreleaseshouldsnapbackintoplace.Testingshouldbeperformedinareasthatarelesslikelytoundergomechanicaltraumaorscarring.2,3通過拉皮膚和皮下皮膚層來評(píng)估皮膚的延展性,直到感覺到阻力。皮膚應(yīng)該很容易伸展,釋放后應(yīng)該彈回原位。測(cè)試應(yīng)在不太可能遭受機(jī)械創(chuàng)傷或疤痕的區(qū)域進(jìn)行。Skinshouldbeconsideredhyperextensibleifitcanbestretchedexcessivelyinatleastthreeoftheselocations:distalforearms,dorsumofthehands,neck,elbows,orknees.2Iftheskinofthedistalforearmsanddorsumofthehandscanbestretchedatleast1.5cm,orskinoftheneck,elbow,andkneesstretchedatleast3cm,itisconsideredhyperextensible(Figure3).2如果皮膚在前臂遠(yuǎn)端、手背、頸部、肘部或膝蓋至少三個(gè)部位可以過度拉伸,則應(yīng)考慮皮膚過度拉伸。如果前臂遠(yuǎn)端和手背的皮膚可拉伸至少1.5cm,或頸部、肘部和膝蓋的皮膚可拉伸至少3cm,則認(rèn)為是超可伸性(圖3)。??FIGURE3.:Thecasepatientdemonstratinghyperextensibilityofherskinatherelbow(A)andknee(B).??DIAGNOSISDiagnosingEDSisconsideredcomplexforseveralreasons.5,13,14Medicalprofessionals'trainingoftendoesnotincludeacomprehensiveeducationonthediagnosisandmanagementofEDS.15Furthermore,manysignsandsymptomsmaybesubtle,andthusmaynotreadilyalertclinicianstothepossibilityofanunderlyingpathology.13FeaturesofEDSoftenoverlapwithsymptomsofotherconnectivetissuedisorders,suchasjointhypermobilitysyndrome關(guān)節(jié)過度活動(dòng)綜合征,Marfansyndrome馬凡綜合征,orosteogenesisimperfecta脆骨病.7,11,14ClinicaldifferentiationamongtheEDSsubtypesalsocanbedifficultbecauseofoverlappingclinicalfindings.2OncetheclinicianhasaclinicalsuspicionofEDSinapatient,referraltoageneticistforgenetictestingisneededtoconfirmthediagnosis.2However,hEDSistheonlysubtypethatdoesnothaveaconfirmatorygenetictest.Therefore,thediagnosisofthisconditionmustremainclinical.2PromptrecognitionofEDSoftenisnotachieved,anddiagnosistypicallyoccurslate.16Somepatientsmaybediagnosedduringtheirchildhood;othersmaynotbediagnoseduntiladulthood.17ConclusiveresearchabouttheaveragelengthoftimeuntilEDSisdiagnosedislacking;however,astudypublishedbyHamonetandcolleaguesin2018reportedanaverageof22yearsfromsymptomonsettodiagnosis.7PatientsmaybeseenbymanyhealthcareprovidersbeforereceivingadiagnosisofEDS.EarlyrecognitionanddiagnosisofEDSareassociatedwithbetterclinicaloutcomesandcanreduceunnecessaryuseofmedicalresourcesandtesting.16Anearlydiagnosisalsocanhelpreducesymptomseverity,preventcomplications,andimprovepatientqualityoflife.11,16?GENETICCOUNSELINGConsidergeneticcounselingandtestingforimmediatefamilymembersofpatientswithEDS.6ReferringtheparentsofapatientwithEDSforevaluationisappropriateeveniftheyareasymptomatic.Ifaparentisfoundtobeaffected,oriftheparent'sstatuscannotbedetermined,refersiblingsforgeneticevaluationaswell.PatientswithEDSwhowishtoconceiveshouldreceivegeneticcounselingtodiscusstheriskoftheirchildreninheritingthedisorder.18Geneticcounselingprovidespatientsandtheirfamilieswithimportantinformationabouttheinheritancepatternandimplicationsofthedisorder.This,alongwithgenetictesting,letspatientsandtheirfamiliesmakemoreinformedmedicalandpersonaldecisions.13,18?MANAGEMENTPatientswithEDSaremanagedsymptomaticallybecausetheconditionhasnoknowncure.17However,noguidelineshavebeenestablishedformanagingpatientswithEDSandtreatmentvariessignificantlyamongpatients.1Documentthepatient'ssymptomsthroughacomprehensivehistoryandphysicalexamination,thenmakereferralstotheappropriatespecialists.BecauseEDStypicallyinvolvesseveralorgansystems,managementoftenentailscollaborativeeffortsamonghealthcareprovidersfromseveralspecialties.5,16,17EDS患者的治療是對(duì)癥的,因?yàn)檫@種病沒有已知的治愈方法。然而,目前還沒有針對(duì)EDS患者的管理指南,而且不同患者的治療方法也有很大差異,通過全面的病史和體格檢查記錄病人的癥狀,然后轉(zhuǎn)診給適當(dāng)?shù)膶?漆t(yī)生。由于EDS通常涉及多個(gè)器官系統(tǒng),因此管理通常需要來自多個(gè)專業(yè)的醫(yī)療保健提供者之間的協(xié)作努力。Patienteducationisanimportantcomponentofdiseasemanagement,andmayinvolvewaystopreventunwantedjointevents,suchasdislocation.17Ahealthfullifestylecanhelppatientsstrengthenjoints,preventjointinjury,andcanhelppreventincreasedjointpainlaterinlife.Inaddition,physicaltherapyandoccupationaltherapymaybebeneficial.19患者教育是疾病管理的一個(gè)重要組成部分,可能包括預(yù)防不希望發(fā)生的聯(lián)合事件,如脫位的方法健康的生活方式可以幫助患者加強(qiáng)關(guān)節(jié),防止關(guān)節(jié)損傷,并有助于防止晚年關(guān)節(jié)疼痛加劇。此外,物理治療和職業(yè)治療可能是有益的。SeveralstudieshaveshownanassociationamongEDS,psychologicaldistress,andreducedqualityoflife.5,20Manypatientsaresusceptibletoanxiety,depression,disability,andsocialisolation.15,17PatientsdiagnosedwithEDSmayneedpsychologicalsupport,andearlyinterventionmayleadtobetterclinicaloutcomes.16一些研究表明EDS、心理困擾和生活質(zhì)量下降之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)5,20。許多患者易患焦慮、抑郁、殘疾和社會(huì)孤立15,17。診斷為EDS的患者可能需要心理支持,早期干預(yù)可能導(dǎo)致更好的臨床結(jié)果。?SurgeryandotherproceduresPatientswithEDSmayhavecomplicationsduringroutinemedicalprocedures,surgery,andtheperioperativeperiod.Forexample,onestudyshowedthatpatientswithvEDSarehighlysusceptibletosurgicalcomplicationssuchasseverebleedingandcomplicationsofanesthesia.PatientswithEDSshouldobtainpreoperativeclearancebeforeundergoingsurgery.Cliniciansmayconsidersendingthesepatientstoaspecializedpreoperativeevaluationcenterforclearance.6EDS患者可能在常規(guī)醫(yī)療程序、手術(shù)和圍手術(shù)期出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥。例如,一項(xiàng)研究表明,vEDS患者極易出現(xiàn)手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,如大出血和麻醉并發(fā)癥。EDS患者應(yīng)在手術(shù)前獲得術(shù)前清除。臨床醫(yī)生可能會(huì)考慮將這些患者送到專門的術(shù)前評(píng)估中心進(jìn)行檢查。?ObstetricconsiderationsConsiderreferraltoanobstetricianwhohandleshigh-riskpregnanciesforallpregnantpatientswithEDS,becausecomplicationssuchasprematureruptureofmembranes,uterinehemorrhage,oruterinerupturecanoccurduringpregnancyanddelivery.13,18考慮轉(zhuǎn)診到產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生處理高危妊娠的所有妊娠EDS患者,因?yàn)椴l(fā)癥,如膜早破,子宮出血,或子宮破裂可能發(fā)生在懷孕和分娩期間。?CardiovascularproblemsEDSisassociatedwithanincreasedincidenceofcardiovascularabnormalities,suchasmitralvalveprolapseandaorticdissection.13AlthoughstandardizedguidelinesarelackingforevaluatingcardiovascularabnormalitiesinpatientswithEDS,baselineechocardiogramsoftenareobtainedatthetimeofdiagnosis.13Aorticdiametermeasurementalsoisrecommended,andmayrequireadditionalevaluationwithCTorMRIangiographyifvisibilityonechocardiogramislimited.7,13ReferraltoacardiologistofteniswarrantedforpatientswithEDS.16,19EDS與心血管異常的發(fā)生率增加有關(guān),如二尖瓣脫垂和主動(dòng)脈夾層雖然缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的指南來評(píng)估EDS患者的心血管異常,但在診斷時(shí)通??梢垣@得基線超聲心動(dòng)圖主動(dòng)脈直徑測(cè)量也是推薦的,如果超聲心動(dòng)圖上的可見性有限,可能需要額外的CT或MRI血管造影評(píng)估7,13。對(duì)于EDS患者,轉(zhuǎn)診給心臟病專家通常是有保證的。?ChronicpainThisisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsinpatientswithEDS,andcanimpairpatients'schoolandworklives,personalrelationships,andpsychologicalwell-being.TreatingpaininpatientswithEDScanbechallengingandmayrequirereferraltoapainspecialist.21-23Managementtypicallyinvolvesamultimodalapproach,usingsuchmethodsasphysical,occupationalandcognitivebehavioraltherapies,pharmacologicagents,splintingofunstablejoints,compressiongarments,shoeinserts,andspecializedexerciseprograms.22,23這是EDS患者最常見的主訴之一,并且會(huì)損害患者的學(xué)習(xí)和工作生活、人際關(guān)系和心理健康。治療EDS患者的疼痛是具有挑戰(zhàn)性的,可能需要轉(zhuǎn)介到疼痛專家21-23。典型的治療包括多模式的方法,使用諸如物理、職業(yè)和認(rèn)知行為療法、藥物、不穩(wěn)定關(guān)節(jié)夾板、壓縮服裝、鞋墊和專門的鍛煉計(jì)劃等方法。Opioidsmaybeusefulinthesepatients,butshouldbeusedwithcaution.Onestudyfoundthat,comparedwithage-matchedcontrols,patientswithEDSareprescribedopioidsmorefrequentlyandathigherdosesthanpatientswhodonothaveEDS.Chronicopioidusecanleadtotoleranceandanincreasedriskfordependence.21阿片類藥物可能對(duì)這些患者有用,但應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎使用。一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與年齡匹配的對(duì)照組相比,EDS患者比沒有EDS的患者更頻繁地服用阿片類藥物,劑量也更高。長期使用阿片類藥物可導(dǎo)致耐受性和依賴性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。?CONCLUSIONEDSisacomplexdiseasecausedbymutationsingenesinvolvedinthestructureandbiosynthesisofcollagen.ThenewestEDSclassificationsystemcanserveasadiagnosticframeworkforclinicalevaluationofpatientswithsuspectedEDS.Thediagnosisshouldbeconfirmedwiththeappropriategenetictesting.Promptrecognition,diagnosis,andinitiationoftreatmentinpatientswithEDSareassociatedwithbetterclinicaloutcomesandqualityoflife.AlthoughanupdatedsystemfordiagnosingthesubtypesofEDShasbeenestablished,nostandardcriteriaexistformanagingthesyndrome;referraltomultiplemedicalspecialiststypicallyisrequired.EDS是一種復(fù)雜的疾病,由參與膠原結(jié)構(gòu)和生物合成的基因突變引起。最新的EDS分類系統(tǒng)可作為臨床評(píng)估疑似EDS患者的診斷框架。診斷應(yīng)通過適當(dāng)?shù)幕驒z測(cè)來證實(shí)。EDS患者的及時(shí)識(shí)別、診斷和開始治療與更好的臨床結(jié)果和生活質(zhì)量相關(guān)。雖然已經(jīng)建立了診斷EDS亞型的最新系統(tǒng),但沒有管理該綜合征的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)則;通常需要轉(zhuǎn)介給多名醫(yī)學(xué)專家。2024年09月06日
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蔣雨彤副主任醫(yī)師 中山三院 風(fēng)濕免疫科 問題。 結(jié)締組織病。 嗯。 你不是今天來看的吧,呃結(jié)組織病,呃,補(bǔ)體C3它是一個(gè)。 肝臟產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)跟免疫有關(guān)的物質(zhì)啊,它是補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)成分,一般。 在狼瘡的病人或者是先天性的病人,就補(bǔ)體C3可能會(huì)低,另外就是肝臟功能不好的話,C3會(huì)低啊,但是呢,很多是肝沒有問題,但是啊結(jié)組織病,尤其是狼瘡會(huì)引起補(bǔ)體低啊,所以它是一個(gè)活動(dòng)的一個(gè)指標(biāo),但是呢,它在活動(dòng)的指標(biāo)里的作用,其實(shí)就是它的比重沒那么大啊,就是他我們?cè)u(píng)分只能啊評(píng)分比較低,就是說它是一個(gè)復(fù)查可以關(guān)注的啊,如果說最近。 以前很正就已經(jīng)正常,現(xiàn)在低下來啊,可以先看一下有沒有其他的不舒服,如果各方面覺得還算穩(wěn)定了,血尿常規(guī)沒什么問題,那就再觀察一下看看,可以一個(gè)月后再復(fù)查,如果持續(xù)的第一呢,可能還是會(huì)調(diào)一下藥物啊看看。但如果是一直。 就是同一個(gè)水平的低啊,也是可以考慮,就是也算是穩(wěn)定的了。2024年05月04日
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劉大吉主治醫(yī)師 益都中心醫(yī)院 風(fēng)濕病科 大家好,我是風(fēng)濕免疫科劉醫(yī)生,今天給大家講一下什么是結(jié)締組織病,首先我們要知道什么是結(jié)締組織,其實(shí)結(jié)締組織呢,是指在人體中起著支持、連接、保護(hù)、營養(yǎng)等作用的一類組織,具體的講,我們的骨、軟骨、肌肉、韌帶、神經(jīng)、血管、血液、脂肪等都屬于結(jié)締組織,因此呢,累積這些組織的自身免疫性疾病,我們就稱之為結(jié)締組織病。 那么這一類疾病有什么特點(diǎn)呢?這類疾病的特點(diǎn)就是它都是慢性疾病,而且呢,累積全身各個(gè)臟器,臨床表現(xiàn)多種多樣,治療也比較困難復(fù)雜,而且呢,發(fā)病機(jī)制呢,都與自身免疫功能紊亂有關(guān),那么它與我們所說的風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病有什么關(guān)系呢?通俗的講,我們所說的類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡干燥綜合征、系統(tǒng)性血管炎、皮肌炎等,它都屬于結(jié)締組織病,也就是說結(jié)締組織病是一個(gè)大的概念。 根據(jù)不同的情況分類為某一個(gè)具體的風(fēng)濕性疾病。 那么,為什么有些風(fēng)濕性疾病只能診斷為結(jié)締組織病,而不能明確的是哪一種結(jié)風(fēng)濕性疾病呢?這這是因?yàn)檫@家醫(yī)院醫(yī)生的診斷水平低嗎?還是因?yàn)檫@家醫(yī)院的檢查機(jī)器不夠先進(jìn)呢?其實(shí)都不是啊,這是這一類疾病的一大特點(diǎn),如果有一些病人被懷疑有風(fēng)濕性疾病。 他到醫(yī)院去就診的時(shí)候,醫(yī)生會(huì)給他查自2022年07月12日
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張舸主任醫(yī)師 北京市海淀醫(yī)院 風(fēng)濕免疫科 大家好,今天我給大家講一下風(fēng)濕免疫科診治哪些疾病。 風(fēng)濕免疫顧名思義就是風(fēng)濕病和免疫病,風(fēng)濕病咱們通俗的可以這樣理解,就是關(guān)節(jié)炎的疾病,關(guān)節(jié)疾病包括什么?類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎,強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎、痛風(fēng)性關(guān)節(jié)炎、骨關(guān)節(jié)炎等等。免疫病就指的是結(jié)締組織病,結(jié)締組織病包括什么呢?有系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、干燥綜合征、白帶病、安卡血管血管炎、脾肌炎、多發(fā)性肌炎、硬皮病等等,這些是風(fēng)濕免疫科的診治的疾病。2022年03月25日
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侯靈彤主任醫(yī)師 山東大學(xué)齊魯醫(yī)院(青島) 產(chǎn)科 ㈠UCTD定義 當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)1項(xiàng)以上其他結(jié)締組織?。–TD) 的癥狀或體征,有一種以上自身抗體異常 ,如ANA(2次不同時(shí)間測(cè)到ANA≥1:80)、抗SSA抗體等陽性,持續(xù)一年以上,但又不符合任何其他結(jié)締組織病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可診斷為UCTD。 ㈡UCTD概述 根據(jù)UCTD 定義,臨床僅需要滿足出現(xiàn)一種以上其他 CTD 的臨床表現(xiàn)及一項(xiàng)自身抗體異常即可診斷。而反復(fù)流產(chǎn)( RSA )是抗磷脂綜合征( APS )、紅斑狼瘡( SLE )、干燥綜合征( SS )等 CTD的臨床表現(xiàn),且其本身也是UCTD的一個(gè)常見的臨床表現(xiàn)。因此,對(duì)于血檢自身抗體陽性、臨床缺乏其他癥狀的RSA患者可診斷為UCTD。 Spinillo等對(duì)2458例患者進(jìn)行了隊(duì)列研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)妊娠結(jié)局中流產(chǎn)死產(chǎn)3.23%、子癇11.29%、 宮內(nèi)生長受限8.06%、早產(chǎn)3.23%,其他有先天性心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯、新生兒狼瘡等。以上數(shù)據(jù)提示UCTD與不良妊娠關(guān)系密切(OR=2.81, 95%CI為1.29-6.18),對(duì)妊娠和胎兒的結(jié)局有一定的影響 。 與確定的結(jié)締組織?。?SLE 、 APS 、 SS 等)不同的是,妊娠合并 UCTD 對(duì)母嬰的影響報(bào)道不多。盡管從總體上說對(duì)母嬰的影響不如確定的結(jié)締組織病嚴(yán)重,但臨床上妊娠合并 UCTD 更常見,而且出現(xiàn)胎兒不良事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加。因此,更要引起風(fēng)濕科及婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生的重視。 診斷 UCTD 可以提醒婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)師對(duì)于這些患者在妊娠過程中應(yīng)重視免疫異常的監(jiān)測(cè)和防治,警惕像 SLE 、 APS 、 SS 等風(fēng)濕免疫病以及免疫相關(guān)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,在孕前提早準(zhǔn)備,只有在較好的調(diào)節(jié)了免疫狀態(tài)后方可備孕,必要時(shí)由風(fēng)濕科醫(yī)師全程參與,監(jiān)控 UCTD 病情進(jìn)展及產(chǎn)后隨訪2022年01月15日
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邢鈺副主任醫(yī)師 鄭大一附院 心血管內(nèi)科 1. 結(jié)締組織病是什么???結(jié)締組織病是一組多系統(tǒng),多器官受累的自身免疫性疾病。包括系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、系統(tǒng)性硬化癥、干燥綜合征、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、皮肌炎、結(jié)節(jié)性多動(dòng)脈炎、韋格納肉芽腫、巨細(xì)胞動(dòng)脈炎等等。顧名思義,自身免疫性疾病,就是說它是一種免疫系統(tǒng)的疾病,并且疾病會(huì)涉及到多個(gè)器官,多個(gè)系統(tǒng)。2. 最容易并肺動(dòng)脈高壓的結(jié)締組織病有哪些?世界衛(wèi)生組織明確指出——很多結(jié)締組織病可導(dǎo)致肺動(dòng)脈高壓,其中系統(tǒng)性硬化癥、混合性結(jié)締組織病、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、干燥綜合征是最常見的易合并肺動(dòng)脈高壓的結(jié)締組織病。而在中國的結(jié)締組織病相關(guān)肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者中,約50%為系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡相關(guān)肺動(dòng)脈高壓。3. 結(jié)締組織病合并肺動(dòng)脈高壓是怎么回事?什么是雷諾現(xiàn)象?免疫系統(tǒng)生病后會(huì)攻擊人體的各種臟器和器官:如果攻擊了皮膚和粘膜,會(huì)出現(xiàn)皮損、蝶形紅斑、脫發(fā)、皮膚血管炎等;如果攻擊了呼吸系統(tǒng),則會(huì)導(dǎo)致胸膜炎、肺間質(zhì)疾病、肺栓塞、肺動(dòng)脈高壓等;如果攻擊了神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),患者還會(huì)出現(xiàn)抽搐、精神異常、癡呆、意識(shí)改變等癥狀;當(dāng)攻擊其他器官和系統(tǒng)時(shí)(如腎臟、心臟、血液系統(tǒng)、消化系統(tǒng)等),也會(huì)有各種相應(yīng)表現(xiàn)。這時(shí)需要注意警惕“雷諾現(xiàn)象”——雷諾現(xiàn)象是結(jié)締組織病常見的臨床表現(xiàn)。尤其到了冬季,如果手指、腳趾遇到冷水或者暴露在冰冷的空氣中,又或者只是一時(shí)情緒激動(dòng),雷諾現(xiàn)象就找上門了,搞不好整個(gè)冬天都賴著不走,十分折磨人。 對(duì)于結(jié)締組織病患者,尤其是紅斑狼瘡、硬皮病、干燥綜合征、混合性結(jié)締組織病患者而言,雷諾現(xiàn)象可以說是一個(gè)信號(hào):如果出現(xiàn)了雷諾現(xiàn)象,則表示并發(fā)肺動(dòng)脈高壓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)比較高。如果活動(dòng)后出現(xiàn)了胸悶氣短、心慌、胸痛的癥狀,則是心功能下降的表現(xiàn),需要盡快前往醫(yī)院進(jìn)行規(guī)范化地篩查肺動(dòng)脈高壓。4. 結(jié)締組織病患者早日篩查肺動(dòng)脈高壓有何獲益?肺動(dòng)脈高壓(PAH)是結(jié)締組織病(CTD)的嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥之一。由于肺高壓早期無特異性臨床表現(xiàn),絕大多數(shù)患者就診時(shí)間明顯延遲,至少1/5 患者從癥狀出現(xiàn)至確診時(shí)間超過2年。當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)較晚時(shí),患者肺動(dòng)脈壓明顯升高,出現(xiàn)活動(dòng)后氣促,甚至乏力、頭暈、胸痛、胸悶、心悸、 黑矇、暈厥等。肺動(dòng)脈高壓進(jìn)展發(fā)生右心功能衰竭后,治療就較前更有難度了。因此,希望各位結(jié)締組織病患者早日篩查心臟超聲或右心導(dǎo)管,提高警惕和提前發(fā)現(xiàn)肺高壓,應(yīng)用靶向藥物治療,延長壽命改善預(yù)后。辜和平主任醫(yī)師 鄭東院區(qū) 周一周五上午 肺高壓門診邢鈺副主任醫(yī)師 河醫(yī)院區(qū) 周一周四下午 周六上午2021年10月07日
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孔維萍主任醫(yī)師 中日醫(yī)院 中醫(yī)風(fēng)濕病科 結(jié)締組織病是自身免疫系統(tǒng)疾病里的一大類疾病,風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病包括很多種,幾百種不同的疾病,其中一大類疾病是因?yàn)樽陨砻庖呦到y(tǒng)紊亂后所導(dǎo)致的多器官多系統(tǒng)疾病,稱為彌漫性結(jié)締組織病,簡稱結(jié)締組織病。作為一大類疾病,其中包括很多種疾病,如系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、多發(fā)性肌炎、皮肌炎、系統(tǒng)性硬化癥,以及各種各樣的系統(tǒng)性血管炎等,都屬于結(jié)締組織病。這些疾病有共同特點(diǎn),即自身免疫紊亂所引起的特征,多器官、多系統(tǒng)受累,對(duì)激素或免疫抑制劑治療有效。疾病是慢性疾病,在整個(gè)過程終身攜帶,稱為結(jié)締組織病。2021年04月25日
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張佩蓮主任醫(yī)師 云南省中醫(yī)醫(yī)院 皮膚科 人體有四大組織,即上皮組織、肌肉組織、神經(jīng)組織和結(jié)締組織。結(jié)締組織?。╟onnective tissue disease, CTD)是一組與免疫反應(yīng)有關(guān)的人體多器官、多系統(tǒng)結(jié)締組織的炎癥性疾病,其主要病變?yōu)檎骋盒运[、纖維蛋白樣變性及壞死性血管炎。傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)締組織病包括紅斑狼瘡、皮肌炎、硬皮病、結(jié)節(jié)性多動(dòng)脈炎及類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、風(fēng)濕熱等。目前發(fā)現(xiàn),這類疾病由于還可侵犯肌肉組織、神經(jīng)組織等,已超出了結(jié)締組織的范圍,所以“結(jié)締組織病”這一詞現(xiàn)在已改稱為“風(fēng)濕病”。隨著醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展,人類的認(rèn)識(shí)也越來越多,其實(shí)“風(fēng)濕病”是一種全身性疾病,主要累及結(jié)締組織,大多數(shù)病人有關(guān)節(jié)、肌肉的病變,常存在多種自身抗體,屬于自身免疫性疾病。它包含了許多疾病,如紅斑狼瘡、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、皮肌炎、干燥綜合征、硬皮病、混合性結(jié)締組織病等。云南省中醫(yī)醫(yī)院皮膚科張佩蓮2020年05月28日
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2019年07月03日
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2019年07月03日
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